Ada Pengaruh Penjajah Terhadap Budaya Nama di Negara Bekas Jajahan

Ada Pengaruh Penjajah Terhadap Bahasa Nama di Negara Bekas Jajahan

Posted on 2 Juni 2021

NONGKI.NET – Beri anak-anakmu nama yang bagus, nama bisa menggambarkan identitas asal usul, kepercayaan, status sosial dan identitas lain seperti nama-nama yang dipengaruhi bahasa penjajah.

Di era pra-kemerdekaan, banyak negara kolonial yang melakukan ekspansi ke seluruh penjuru dunia. Mereka membawa 3 misi (Glory, Gold, dan Gospel). Saat menjalankan misi,  para penjajah secara tidak langsung membawa budaya negara asalnya ke negara jajahan, seperti musik, pakaian, kuliner, dan lain-lain. Musik keroncong merupakan salah satu contoh budaya yang dibawa oleh negara kolonial. Musik yang ada di Jakarta ini erat pengaruhnya dengan penjelajah Portugis.

Menurut cerita turun temurun yang diwariskan di Kampung Tugu (kampung budaya keroncong di Jakarta Utara), Musik Keroncong dibawa oleh pelaut Portugis yang kalah perang dengan Belanda di laut Timor, dan menjadi tawanan Belanda di Batavia. Selain itu, ada satu hal lagi yang menarik untuk ditelusuri, yaitu nama mayoritas penduduk negara yang pernah dijajah.

Adakah dari kita yang pernah memperhatikan nama orang-orang Portugal seperti Didinho, Ronaldo, Paulinho hampir sama dengan nama penduduk Brazil?, ada kan?. Masak gak ada sih aku belajar banyak hal dari sepak bola lho.

Nama penduduk negara jajahan cukup menarik untuk diperbincangkan. Nama mayoritas penduduk negara jajahan terpola. Di negara yang mendapat kemerdekaan dari negara penjajah, nama mayoritas penduduknya mengikuti bahasa nama negara penjajah, misal Brazil dan Timor Leste yang mendapat kemerdekaan dari Portugal.

Penduduk mereka banyak menggunakan nama-nama Portugal seperti Ricardo, Ronaldo, Marcelo, Didinho, dan lainnya. Hal serupa juga terjadi di Meksiko dan Kolombia yang mendapat kemerdekaan dari Spanyol. Penduduk negara itu mayoritas memiliki nama-nama Spanyol, seperti Hernandes, Javier, Alonso.

Berbeda dengan negara yang meraih kemerdekaan dengan revolusi angkat senjata seperti Indonesia, warga negara kita sangat sedikit memiliki nama-nama berbau Belanda. Belanda yang meraih kemerdekaan dari Spanyolpun mayoritas penduduknya masih menggunakan nama “Van”, “De”, “Jong” dan tidak menggunakan nama-nama Spanyol.

Iling yo rek, faktor perjuangan memang mempengaruhi mengapa nama-nama mereka ada yang terpengaruh dan ada yang tidak. Di negara yang melakukan revolusi untuk kemerdekaan seperti Indonesia, masyarakat tidak banyak menggunakan nama-nama Belanda. Ini karena seluruh negara yang terjajah tidak pernah ingin menerima penjajahan dan pengaruhnya, kekuatan perjuangan menjadi pembeda. Orang-orang Indonesia konsisten melakukan perlawanan terhadap Belanda dalam berbagai bentuk, termasuk pemberian nama anak.

Lalu apakah negara-negara yang di beri kemerdekaan itu tidak melakukan perlawanan? Mereka juga melakukan perlawanan, tetapi perlawanan itu berhasil dilumpuhkan sehingga puncaknya mereka tidak dapat menolak pengaruh budaya dan bahasa yang dibawa oleh para penjajah.

Perjuangan di Indonesia dan negara yang memerdekakan diri sebenarnya sempat dilumpuhkan. Tetapi semangat yang kembali hidup dalam darah pemuda, membuat mereka terus melakukan perlawanan hingga tak ada celah untuk budaya luar berkembang luas. Di zaman kolonial, sangat jarang ditemukan permukiman pribumi yang jadi satu dengan permukiman para menir, selain memang ada intimidasi dari pihak kolonial, pribumi memang tidak ingin tinggal bersama para penjajah. Ini adalah bentuk perlawanan secara tidak langsung.

Masyarakat kita sebenarnya banyak menerima pengaruh dari Belanda dalam sosial budaya, seperti kuliner; serapan bahasa (transliterasi); arsitektur, dan masih banyak pengaruh Belanda.

Di zaman kolonial, masyarakat kita diintimidasi dengan perendahan kasta, pembatasan peran politik, diberikan beban pajak sangat besar. Tekanan yang diberikan oleh penjajah ini membuat pribumi meradang, sempat melakukan perlawanan namun kemudian dilumpuhkan, penduduk yang sudah tidak dapat melawan dengan fisik tetap melakukan perlawanan dengan cara lain. Cara lain itu dengan sentimen sosial-budaya. Kebencian karena mendapat intimidasi dari pihak Belanda, membuat masyarakat kita enggan menerima mentah-mentah sesuatu yang  berbau Belanda.

Walaupun bangsa kulit putih ditempatkan di kasta tertinggi, mereka tidak pernah memandang kolonial mulia. Bahkan mereka tidak pernah memberikan nama kepada anak-anak mereka nama yang berbau Belanda. Kaum Muslim tetap memberikan nama berbau Islam kepada keturunannya, orang Kristen lebih memilih nama di Al-Kitab ketimbang nama Van De Jong. Begitu pula dengan orang Hindu dan Budha.

Pengaruh budaya yang masuk ke Indonesia sebenarnya didorong karena ada beberapa penduduk kita yang bekerja sebagai pegawai Belanda dan beberapa ada yang menikahi orang-orang Belanda. Kendati ada yang diterima, mereka hanya menerima sesuatu yang tidak bersifat dasar dan hanya bersifat keseharian. Kosakata kop surat, blang wir, kubut dan beberapa kata lainnya diterima karena kebiasaan.

Di negara yang dimerdekakan seperti Timor Leste, penduduk juga melakukan perlawanan, tetapi perlawanan itu berhasil dilumpuhkan. Kekuatan perlawanan juga tidak sebesar Indonesia, penduduk dan senjata Timor Leste yang tidak sebanyak jumlah penjajah Portugis juga menjadi faktor mengapa kekuatan perlawanan bisa dilumpuhkan.

Selain itu, banyaknya penduduk Portugis yang menikahi penduduk asli Timor Leste menjadi faktor tradisi Portugis termasuk nama meresap sangat dalam di masyarakat Timor Leste. Timor Leste merupakan negara yang dimerdekakan. Di saat mereka dimerdekakan, orang-orang Portugis tetap diperbolehkan untuk menetap walaupun sudah tidak memiliki kuasa dalam bidang politik. Ini juga terjadi di negara-negara jajahan seperti yang terjadi di negara-negara yang dimerdekakan, seperti Meksiko, Kolombia, Brazil, dan lain-lain.

Namun ada beberapa pengecualian terhadap pola-pola ini. Misal negara-negara yang merdeka dari jajahan Perancis (Frankophone). Dalam kasus ini berlaku sebaliknya, negara-negara jajahan Perancis yang banyak berada di Afrika Utara seperti Maroko, Aljazair, dan sekitarnya justru mayoritas masyarakat nya tidak menggunakan nama-nama Perancis. Tetapi justru di Perancis banyak orang-orang memiliki nama dan marga dari Afrika Utara.

Beberapa saat yang lalu kita ikut merayakan meriahnya pesta sepak bola sejagat yang di juarai oleh Perancis. Bila kita perhatikan nama-nama pesepak bola Perancis, baik di tim nasional mau pun level klub, banyak menggunakan nama-nama non-eropa. Sebut saja Karim Benzema, Hatem Ben Arfa, Umtiti, Mbappe, Adil Rami, Zinedine Zidan, dan masih banyak lagi.

Mengapa ini bisa terjadi? Karena saat terjadi perang dunia II, Perancis mengimpor pemuda-pemuda dari negara jajahannya untuk dijadikan tentara tambahan. Sehabis perang berakhir bukannya pulang, relawan perang tidak pulang ke negara asalnya, tetapi menetap di Perancis. Mereka menikah dan berkeluarga dengan penduduk lokal, sehingga sekarang kini banyak sekali warga Perancis adalah keturunan negara-negara Afrika. Inilah sebab pola nama mayoritas masyarakat berdasarkan cara memerdekakan diri bersifat anomali dengan Perancis dan negara jajahannya.

Berbeda lagi dengan yang terjadi di Amerika. Walaupun Amerika merebut kemerdekaan dari Inggris (bukan dimerdekakan), tetapi nama kebanyakan warganya adalah nama-nama Britania, seperti Jack, McCarty, George, dan lain-lain. Ini tidak lepas dari sejarah panjang Benua Amerika.

Di masa lalu, pernah terjadi genosida besar-besaran terhadap suku Indian, penjualan suku Indian sebagai budak, migrasi besar-besaran orang-orang kulit putih Eropa ke benua Amerika hingga kolonial mendatangkan budak kulit hitam Afrika ke Amerika. Genosida terhadap suku Indian dilakukan untuk mengurangi persaingan ekonomi dalam eksploitasi sumber daya alam.

Akhirnya penduduk asli Amerika yang tersisa hanya sedikit, kemudian selama puluhan tahun bangsa Eropa melakukan ekspansi ke benua Amerika. Warga Eropa yang telah menjadi penduduk Amerika inilah yang mengawali revolusi kemerdekaan. Sebagian mereka kemudian melihat penjajahan sesuatu yang melanggar nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Lewat gerakan para pemuda, kekuatan ini semakin besar dan menghasilkan perlawanan hebat kepada kolonial Inggris. Ini kemudian menjadi awal perang revolusi kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat.

Pasca kemerdekaan, mereka tidak menjadikan suku indian sebagai budak, tetapi mereka melakukan kebijakan mengimpor budak-budak Afrika. Impor budak Afrika dilakukan secara masif. Ini awal mula orang-orang Afrika memiliki stigma negatif di Amerika. Setiap orang yang memiliki kulit hitam dianggap budak. Orang-orang kulit hitam yang ingin memiliki kehidupan merdeka harus memiliki surat keterangan hidup merdeka.

Sekali lagi, pemuda-pemuda yang memiliki kesadaran bahwa penjajahan di atas dunia harus dihapuskan membentuk gerakan anti perbudakan. Gerakan ini akhirnya membuat perbudakan di 20 negara bagian menghapus perbudakan.

Namun, 11 negara di bagian selatan masih menerapkan sistem perbudakan dan memerdekakan diri dari Amerika Serikat karena menolak kebijakan anti-perbudakan. Perang saudara pun pecah di tahun 1861 dan berakhir dengan menyerah nya kubu selatan pada tahun 1865. Sejarah panjang Amerika Serikat ini membuat mayoritas penduduknya memiliki nama-nama Britania dan berbagai suku bangsa lain.

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